Fish raised in hatcheries need to go on training courses to help them cope with life in the wild. This tactic could make a big difference to the survival rates for the fish, which often succumb to predators they do not recognise.
Many countries - in particular the US, Norway and Japan - breed fish and release them into the rivers and oceans to boost stocks for anglers and trawlers, or help re-establish endangered species. But there is a problem: many of the fish don't make it.
Studies suggest that around five billion hatchery-reared salmon are released worldwide each year, but less than five per cent survive to adulthood. Hatchery fish do worse than wild fish because they have not learned the tricks of the trade, such as recognising the predators that will eat them. "Hatchery-reared fish are much more vulnerable than wild fish," says Culum Brown of the University of Edinburgh.
To explore possible solutions, Brown and Kevin Laland of Cambridge University have gathered reports on fish behaviour. They say the key to improving survival is for fish to copy their shoal mates. "Training gives them at least some hope when they get out there," says Brown.